GHRP-2 5MG

Kisspeptin is a neuropeptide that plays a significant role in human reproduction by its action on the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis and functions through a G-protein-coupled receptor called G-protein-coupled receptor 54/kisspeptin 1 receptor (GPR54/KISS1R). It is encoded by the kisspeptin 1 (KISS1) gene that is mainly expressed in the hypothalamus. Kisspeptins are also recognized as vital aspects of maturation and proper function of the reproductive system in both males and females. It also plays its role in the onset of puberty, sexual patterns, desires, ovum development in women, sperm quality in men, feedback mechanisms, pregnancy, and lactation. Studies proved the pathological role of kisspeptin dysregulation in disorders like polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) and infertility. Mutations in the KISS1 gene also contribute to precocious puberty or hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, depending upon the nature of mutations. Levels of kisspeptin also aid in the identification of a few pregnancy-related complications like preeclampsia, intrauterine growth restriction, and act as a marker of miscarriage. Due to the wide range of effects that kisspeptin has on the reproductive axis, investigations are being carried out to develop it as a diagnostic marker, treat diseases like hypogonadism and PCOS, and solve infertility issues.

Kisspeptin is a peptide hormone by structure that has a vital role in the reproductive cycle of humans through its influence on the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis. The arcuate nucleus and periventricular nucleus of the third ventricle, located in the hypothalamus, are involved in the production of this neuropeptide. Kisspeptin, through its receptor KISS1r (kisspeptin 1 receptor), stimulates the production of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). Positive and negative feedback mechanisms regulate this intricate balance through sex steroids. Figure ​Figure1 elaborates1 elaborates on this intricate feedback mechanism. Kisspeptin and its receptor system are also found in other organs, such as the ovary of mature female humans where it plays a critical role in developing a mature ovum and contributes to fertility. This effect is further supported by the fact that mutations involved in the kisspeptin pathway may lead to infertility problems. Apart from the physiological role of kisspeptin and its receptor in the body, it is also involved in pathological conditions such as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and infertility issues associated with hyperprolactinemia due to prolactinoma or other similar conditions. There are future prospects to utilize kisspeptin analogs and antagonists for issues like hypogonadism and precocious puberty, and studies are being conducted to evaluate kisspeptin usage as a disease marker. Researchers also have a great interest in the role of kisspeptin as an antineoplastic hormone secreted by organs other than the brain, i.e., the placenta. Additionally, kisspeptin and related neuropeptides are being investigated for their possible role in influencing sexual patterns and desires, and hence contributing to libido. Kisspeptin and its receptor have a role of immense importance in the reproductive system uncovered recently, and researchers are utilizing this opportunity for the betterment of public health.